Tensile Strength of The Reinforcement Steel

Objective and Significance: –

Tensile strength  is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. The ultimate tensile strength is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the engineering stress versus strain. The highest point of the stress–strain curve is the ultimate tensile strength and has units of stress.

Tensile strengths are rarely of any consequence in the design of ductile members, but they are important with brittle members. They are tabulated for common materials such as alloys, composite materials, ceramics, plastics, and wood. In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be higher.

Aim: –

To Determine Tensile Strength of the Reinforced Bar by Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

Apparatus: –

Universal Testing Machine:-

UTM has two main units, one is the loading unit and other is the control panel. Loading Unit Gives tension to specimen by desired load and control panel gives reading and manages all the data input.

 

Punching Tools-

Used to Mark Gauge Length of Specimen

Vernier Calipers-

Used to measure Elongation length of the steel.

Extensometer-

Used to measure deformation in the specimen

Procedure: –

• The specimen is then placed on the testing machine by operating the handle in such a way that the specimen firmly fits at the base.
• The right valve is kept in an open position while the left valve is kept in a closed position.
• The pointer is adjusted to zero utilizing the adjusting knobs.
• The specimen is gripped firmly and after the placing of the specimen, the jaws are locked.
• The extensometer is then fixed on the specimen and the reading is set to zero.
• The load is then applied to utilize the right valve.
• The release of the loaded specimen is done using the left valve.
• The loading rate is increased gradually until the pointer moves backward and the specimen finally breaks.
• The load just before such breaking is known as the ultimate load and the load at the instant of breaking is known as the breaking load.
• The change in length can be obtained from the extensometer reading.
• Stress at different values of strain is computed from the following formula and the graph is plotted.

Stress = Load/ Area

 

Results and Calculations: –

Useful Formulae: –

1. Modulus of Elasticity, E = Stress/Strain  [This is calculated within the elastic limit. The slope of the stress-strain curve provides the modulus of elasticity]
2. Yield Stress = Load at yield Point/Original C/s Area
3. Ultimate Stress = Ultimate Load/Original C/s Area
4. Nominal Breaking Stress = Breaking Load/Nominal Breaking Stress
5. Actual Breaking Stress = Breaking load/Neck Area
6. Percentage elongation = (Change in length/Original Length)/100
7. Percentage reduction in the area = (Change in length/Original Area)/100